Both genotoxic and cytotoxic effects have been documented in nasal tissues of rodents and primates following formaldehyde inhalation exposure.
The mucosal lining of nasopharyngeal tissues is the primary target of inhaled formaldehyde, with a reported association between exposure and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Aldehydes are metabolized primarily by dehydrogenases or glutathione-dependent pathways, and toxicity results from elevated intracellular concentrations following the overwhelming of these detoxification systems. Formaldehyde exposures have also been linked to deterioration of foam insulation used in home building. Occupational exposures occur in industries that manufacture resins, wood products, paper, textiles, carpet, and leather goods. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein have the most significant effects on human health and are found in high concentrations in tobacco smoke and combustion engine exhaust. Aldehydes are also found as industrial or environmental pollutants and volatile aldehydes. Low-molecular-weight aldehydes occur naturally in cells and low levels of aldehydes are generated during intermediary metabolism of natural compounds, drugs, and xenobiotics. The most notable adducts are genotoxic DNA–protein cross-links. Kuykendall, in Comprehensive Toxicology, 2010Īldehydes are strong electrophiles that can undergo addition reactions with thiols and amines to form toxic adducts in cellular proteins.
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